PiezoSurgery in Extraction of the lower third molar

The Importance of PiezoSurgery in Extraction of the lower third molar

How to extract upper and lower impacted supernumerary premolars ..!

How to extract the impacted supernumerary Premolars Upper and Lower

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Ellis classification (Tooth fractures)

Ellis classification (Tooth fractures)

Ellis Class I Enamel fracture: This level of injury includes crown fractures that extend through the enamel only. These teeth are usually nontender and without visible color change but have rough edges. Ellis Class II Enamel and dentin fracture without pulp exposure: Injuries in this category are fractures that involve the enamel as well as the dentin layer. These teeth are typically tender to the touch and to air exposure. A yellow layer of dentin may be visible on examination. Ellis Class III Crown fracture with pulp exposure: These fractures involve the enamel, dentin, and pulp layers. These teeth are tender (similar to those in the Ellis II category) and have a visible area of pink, red, or even blood at the center of the tooth. Ellis Class IV Traumatized tooth that has become non-vital with or without loss of tooth structure. Ellis Class V Luxation: The effect on the tooth that tends to dislocate the tooth from the alveolus. Teeth loss due to trauma. Ellis Class VI Avulsion: The complete separation of a tooth from its alveolus by traumatic injury. Fracture of root with or without loss of crown structure. Ellis Class VII Displacement of a tooth without the fracture of crown or root. Ellis Class VIII Fracture of the crown en masse and its replacement. Ellis Class IX Fracture of deciduous teeth. ------------------------------------ This Article has been edited By :: World Of Dentistry :: TEAM For any questions and suggestions please don't be hesitate to feedback us. Yours, :: World Of Dentistry :: TEAM

The Ideal Teeth Access Cavity Preparations for RCT (Root Canal Treatment)

The correct access preparation for RCT is as follows:

Upper Teeth:

central Incisors : triangular

lateral Incisors: ovoid

canines: ovoid

first premolars: ovoid

second premolars: ovoid

first molars: triangle

second molars: triangle

Lower Teeth:

central Incisors: ovoid

lateral Incisors: ovoid

canines: ovoid

first premolars: ovoid

second premolars: ovoid

first molars: triangle or trapezoid

second molars: triangle or trapezoid

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Contraindications of Dental Implants (Absolute, Relative and Local)

1- ABSOLUTE CONTRAINDICATIONS

Implants can not be placed in these situations:

Heart:
• Heart diseases affecting the valves (valvulopathy)
• Recent infarcts
• Severe cardiac insufficiency, cardiomyopathy

Miscellaneous:
• Active cancer, certain bone diseases (osteomalacia, Paget’s disease, brittle bones syndrome, etc.),
• Certain immunological diseases, immunosuppressant treatments, clinical AIDS, awaiting an organ transplant,
• Certain mental diseases,
• Strongly irradiated jaw bones (radiotherapy treatment),
• Treatments of osteoporosis or some cancers by bisphosphonates

Age:
• Children: not before the jaw bones have stopped growing (in general 17-18 years).
On the other hand advanced age does not pose problems if the patient’s general condition is good.

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2- RELATIVE CONTRAINDICATIONS

The indication to place implants will be evaluated on a case-by-case basis, with the greatest caution:

• Diabetes (particularly insulin-dependent),
• Angina pectoris (angina),
• Seropositivity (absolute contraindication for clinical AIDS),
• Significant consumption of tobacco (read pdf)
• Certain mental diseases,
• Radiotherapy to the neck or face (depending on the zone, quantity of radiation, localisation of the cancerous lesion etc.),
• Certain auto-immunes diseases,
• Drug and alcohol dependency,
• Pregnancy.

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3- RELATIVE LOCAL CONTRAINDICATIONS

The indication to place implants will be evaluated on a case-by-case basis, with caution:

• An insufficient quantity of bone.
• Certain diseases of the mucous membranes of the mouth.
• Periodontal diseases (loosening of the teeth); it is necessary to clean up the gums and stabilise the disease first.
• Severe grinding or clenching of the teeth.
• An unbalanced relationship between the upper and lower teeth.
• Infections in the neighbouring teeth (pockets, cysts, granulomas), major sinusitis.
• Poor hygiene of the mouth and teeth.

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Blue Sclera "Definition and Diseases"

Definition:

Blue sclera is characterized by localized or generalized blue coloration of sclera because of thinness and loss of water content, which allow underlying dark choroid to be seen.

Diseases and Disorders:

1. Associated with high urine excretion:A. Folling syndrome (phenylketonuria)
B. Hypophosphatasia (phosphoethanolaminuria)
C. Lowe syndrome (oculocerebrorenal syndrome; chondroitin-4-sulfate-uria)

2. Associated with skeletal disorders:A. Brachmann-de Lange syndrome
B. Brittle cornea syndrome (blue sclera syndrome)-recessive
C. Crouzon disease (craniofacial dysostosis)
D. Hallermann-Streiff syndrome (dyscephalia mandibulooculofacial syndrome)
E. Marfan syndrome (dystrophia mesodermalis congenita)
F. Marshall-Smith syndrome
G. McCune-Albright syndrome (fibrosus dysplasia)
H. Mucopolysaccharidosis VI (Maroteaux-Lamy syndrome)
I. Osteogenesis imperfecta (van der Hoeve syndrome)
J. Paget syndrome (osteitis deformans)
K. Pierre Robin syndrome (micrognathia-glossoptosis syndrome)
L. Robert syndrome
M. Silver-Russell syndrome
N. Werner syndrome (progeria of adults)

3. Chromosome disorders:A. Trisomy syndrome
B. Turner syndrome

4. Ocular:A. Congenital glaucoma
B. Myopia
C. Repeated surgeries
D. Scleromalacia (perforans)
E. Staphyloma
F. Trauma

5. Miscellaneous:A. Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (fibrodysplasia elastica generalisata)
B. Goltz syndrome (focal dermal hypoplasia syndrome)
C. Incontinentia pigmenti (Bloch-Sulzberger syndrome)
D. Lax ligament syndrome
E. Minocycline-induced
F. Oculodermal melanocytosis (nevus of Ota)
G. Pseudoxanthoma elasticum (Grönblad-Strandberg syndrome)
H. Relapsing polychondritis

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Indications and Contraindications of the Maryland Bridge

Indications:
• Periodontal Splinting
• Replacement of missing teeth
• Prosthodontic splinting
• Combination with Removable Partial Denture
• Changes in Occlusal table
• Strengthening Natural Teeth

Contraindications:
• Sensitivity to base metal alloys
• Changes in facial esthetic of abutments (Long spans - Inadequate enamel for bonding)
• Poor quality enamel
• Short clinical crowns
• Narrow embrasures
• Incisors with thin buccal lingual dimensions
• Pathologic occlusion (i.e.- bruxism)
• Malocclusion
• High caries rate or high caries risk

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